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H �e?a????s?? t?? T?a????? pe?????? ap????s???e sta t??? t?? 8?? a?. p.X. ap? E????e? - A???e?? ap? t?? ??s�? ? t?? T???da, I??e? ap? t?? S?�? -, p?? e??atast????a? st?? �??e??d?t??? a?t?, ???t? st?? ?a?a??p??? ?a? st? p??e??????? ?e?? t?? Me????? Te??, t? ?p??? p???de?t??? a?ade?????e se pa?e?????? ???t?? �?st???a??? ?at?e?a?.

E?????, ?? ?p????? t?? Sa�??????? epe??te??a? t?? ep????te?? t??? sta a?t?????? pa????a t?? T?????, �eta?? E�??? ?a? Is�???? : st?? ?pe???t??? ep????te?a t?? Sa�???a???, t?? Sa�???a???? "pe?a?a", ?d?????e �?a se??? ap? e�p?????? ?a? ?????? e??atast?se?? -"e�p???a" ?a? "te???"-, ?p?? ? Mes?��??a, ? Z???, ? ????, ? S???, ? T?�p??a, t? Xa????�a, p?? s???�a?a? st?? e??�e??a ?a? t?? ??????? ??????�??? a??pt??? t?? ??s??t???? ???t???.

H ????s? t?? Sa�??????? s??e??s???e s? ???? t?? d????e?a t?? ??as????, e?????st???? ?a? ??�a???? ?????? ????? st?? e????a, �e t?? ?p??a pe???�a??a? Ma?ed??e? �as??e??, e?????st???? ??e�??e? ?a? P?�a??? a?t????t??e? t? pe??f?�? ?e?? t?? Me????? Te?? ?a? ta �?st???a p?? ???a?????ta? p??? t?�?? t??? p??se?????ta? t? s?��et??? �?st?? ap? ??? t? ?e???? t?? Mes??e???.

Sta ?????a t?? ?e????? ???sta?t???? ? Sa�?????? a???e d?????t??? st? ??t??? ??�a??? ???t?? ?a? ap? t? 379 st?? epa???a t?? ?????????. ??? 4? a?. ? ??? t?? ??s??? ??e? p?a pa?a?�?se?, ? p????s�?? ??e? s????????e?, a??? ? ?at????s? t?? ??s??? ?at? ta pa?a?????st?a???? ?????a ep?�e�a???eta? ap? t?? ap??????? d?? pa?a?????st?a????? �as?????? st?? ?a?a??p??? ?a? t?? ?a�a???t?ssa ?a? ap? ta e?e?p?a e??? ???t??? t?? 6?? a?. �.?., t? ?p??? ????d?�????e p??a??tata t?? ep??? t?? ???st???a??? ?? (527-565). Sta 543 ??a? se?s�?? ?p???e t?? pe?????. ????e?ta? �????? ??a t? "?e?�???a" p?? a?af??eta? se ep???af?, ? ?p??a �?????e ???t? st? ????? ?????a ?a? a???e st? s??e???�??? �a?a?e??. ?e? s????ta? p????? ??apt?? �a?t???e? ??a t? �??a?t??? Sa�??????. ?at? ta �??a?t??? ?????a ?p??eta? st?? epa???a T????? t?? T?a????? ??�at?? (???sta?t???? ???f????????t?? (913-959), "?e?? Te�?t??"). ?p?? ?a? ta ??s?? ???ed??, ?��???, ??s�?? ?a? ????, ap?t??ese st?at??t??? �?s? t?? �??a?t???? st????, a??? e?a?t?a? t?? ap??s?a? ?????�at???? e??atast?se?? ?p?st? s?�a??? ?atast??f?? ???e f??? p?? ? �??a?t??? a?t???at???a �?????e a?t?�?t?p? �e ???? ?a?t??? d??a�?. ??? 8? a?. ?e??ate?ta? ap? t??? S??�??? t?? T?????, ?? ?p???? ?at? t?? ap?????s? t??? p??a? �a?? t??? ?? s???�??? p?????? ?at?????? t?? ??s???. ???? te?e?ta???? e?a???ase se e?d?? (�eta??t? ?f?s�ata) t? 768 ? a?t????t??a? ???sta?t???? ?? ??p????�??. St?? 9? a?. t? ??s? ???eta? st???? ?atast??f???? ep?d??�?? t?? Sa?a????? ?a? ????? pe??at???? f????, �e ap?t??es�a t? d?a�at??? �e??s? t?? p????s�?? ?a? t? s???????s? t?? e�p????? ?a? t?? ?a?s?p???a?. ??? ??st????? a?t?? ep???se?? a?t?�et?p?sa? ap?te?es�at??? ?? a?t????t??e? ????f???? F???? ?a? ??????? ?s?�?s??? st? t???? t?? 10?? a?., ep??? ?at? t?? ?p??a ????d?�????e �????? t? f?????? sta d?t??? t?? ??s???, p???e?�???? ?a ???s?�?p????e? ?? ?ataf???? t?? ?at????? ap? t?? pe??at???? ep?d??�??.

??a?t?a? t?? pe??at???? ep?d??�?? a??? ?a? t?? t?p??es?a? t?? ??s??? ??? ap? t??? ?a??ss???? e�p??????? d??�???, ? Sa�?????? pa??�e??e ft??? ?a? a?a???at????�???, ap?te???ta? ?ts? ?at?????? t?p? ??a t?? e????a s?�a?t???? p??s?p???t?t?? (?p?? t?? e?????f???? ????????f?? Te?f??? t?? ?�?????t? ap? t?? a?t????t??a ????ta ?? (813-820) ?a??? ?a? t?? ???sta?t???? ?e?ap????, ???? t?? ??�a??? ?e?ap????, ap? t?? ???sta?t??? ???f????????t? sta 945). ?et? t?? ???s? t?? ???sta?t????p???? ap? t??? Sta???f????? (1204) ? T???? ap??t?e? t?? ?at????? ???�as?a Sanctus Mandrachi ?a? pe?????eta? st?? e???s?a t?? ?at???? a?t????t??a ?a?d?????? ??, ? ?p???? ?�??, ?p?? ?a? ? ade?f?? t?? Henri de Hainaut (1206-1216) p?? t?? d?ad?????e, ap?de?????e a???a??? ?a ep?�??e? t?? e???s?a t?? st?? pe?????? t?? d??a??d?s?a? t??, �e ap?t??es�a t? ??s? ?a s??e??se? ?a ap?te?e? e????? ?e?a ??a t??? pe??at??. St? ????a???a t?? ?at???? pa?a�??e? ?? t? 1261, ?p?te a?a?t?ta? ap? t?? �??a?t??? a?t????t??a ???a?? ??, ? ?p???? f???t?se ??a t?? ?????s? t?? p???? ?a? t?? e??s??s? t?? st???? �e ?e????t??a p???a. ?? 1315 d????e?ta? ap? t?? ?e????t? desp?t? Martin Zaccaria, e?? sta 1332 ? t?????? e�???? t?? ??d????? Umur Pacha ?e??ate? �e 75 p???a t? ??s?. G??? sta 1431 ? Sa�?????? pe?????e st?? ep?????a???a t?? ?a?a�?d? Gattilusi, af??t? t?? ?????. ? ?e????t?? ??e�??a? p?a?�at?p???se �p??st? st?? t??????? ape??? �?a se??? ap? ?????�at??? ???a, ?p?? t??? p?????? t?? ???a? ?a? t?? ?a?a??p????.

T? 1460 ? M??�e? ? B' pa?e????se t?? p??s?d??? t?? T?a????? A?�?? t?? T?s?? ?a? t?? Sa�??????? st?? ??�?t??? ?a?a??????. H Sa�?????? pa??�e??e ?p? t?? ???�a???? ????a???a ?? t? 1912 (�eta?? 1867 ?a? 1878 a???e st? B??a?t? N?s?? ?a? ap? t? 1878 ?? t? 1912 st?? ?a?? ?ed?a?at? t?? sa?t?a???? ?ed?a?at? t?? B??aet??? Ad??a???p???? e?t?? ap? t? 1460-1479 ?a? t? 1770-1774 p?? ?ate??f???e ap? t??? Be?et??? ?a? t??? P?s??? a?t?st???a. St?? a???? t?? 19?? a???a t? ??s? a???�??se 3000 ?at??????. T?? Sept?��??? t?? 1821 ??a ?a ?ataste????? t?? epa?astat???? d?a??se?? t?? E?????? ?? T?????? ?at?st?e?a? ????????t??? t? ??s? ?a? e???t?sa? ??? t?? p????s�?.

Ba?�?a?a t? ??s? a?as?????t????e, e????s?ast??? a???e st?? M?t??p??? Ma???e?a? ?a? ?? ??t????? as??????ta? �e t?? ?e????a, t?? ?t???t??f?a ?????? ?a? t?? ?a?�????p???a. St?? �??ad??? ????s�?, t? X??a ? K?st??, a??at? ap? t? ???assa ??a t?? f?�? t?? pe??at??, ?e?t??????sa? 4 s???e?a ?a? ta sp?t?a ?ta? ?t?s�??a �e ?????? s?e?et? ?a? a?at???aste? p?t?e?. T?? 19? a?. ?? e???pa??? ta??d??te? �e a??a???????? ?????? e?d?af????ta �a? pa??d?sa? ?ept?�e?e?? pe????af?? ??a t?? f?s???? ?�??f??? t?? ??s???, t?? a??a??t?te? ?a? t?? ?a??�e???? �?? t?? ?at?????. Ap?t? 1912 ?p?te ?ata??f???e ap? t?? e??????? st???, ? Sa�?????? ?p?????e st? ??�? ??s�??.

Yste?a ap? t?? te???? e?s?�?t?s? t?? d?t???? T????? st?? E???da (1923), ? Sa�?????? ap?sp?st??e ap? t? ??�? ??s�?? ?a? ap?t??ese t?? p?�pt? epa???a t?? ??�?? E�???. ???te???sa t?? epa???a? ???st??e ? Sa�?????? (X??a), p?? ap? t? 1927 ?ta? ?a? ? �??ad??? ?????t?ta t?? ??s???.

Op?? ?a? s'???a ??s?? t?? A??a???, ? p????s�?? t?? Sa�??????? ep??e?st??e ap? t? �eta??ste?s? ?a? t?? ????d? t?? ?at????? p??? ta pa????a (?d?a?te?a st? ??�??? t?? Ka�a???t?ssa?). T? te?e?ta?? ?fe??eta? ?a? st? ???? t?? t????s�??, p?? a?apt?????e ap?t?�a �et? t? 1985. Ap? t? 1978 ? X??a ap?te?e? p??state??�e?? pa?ad?s?a?? ????s�?, e?? ? ?????t?ta a?a?????st??e ?? d?�??.